[88]:5, Maps played an extensive role in colonialism, as Bassett would put it "by providing geographical information in a convenient and standardised format, cartographers helped open West Africa to European conquest, commerce, and colonisation". [7] Etymologically, the word "colony" comes from the Latin colōnia—"a place for agriculture". It considers the cultural specificity of intellectual property law as well as looking at sites of contemporary struggle. The foreign administrators rule the territory in pursuit of their interests, seeking to benefit from the colonised region's people and resources. Fox and William Ewart Gladstone. The rhetoric favoured the view of the conquering Europeans; this is evident in the fact that any map created by a non-European was instantly regarded as inaccurate. The term neocolonialism has been used to refer to a variety of contexts since decolonisation that took place after World War II. As a result, even the most ‘people-centered’ conservation interventions too often serve to accelerate the enclosure, commodification, and dispossession of Indigenous lands.

The first is the question of whether the research should be conducted at all. [78] By 1832, the federal government of the United States established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans. In some cases, the former European imperial nations continue to foster close political and economic ties with former colonies.

Christian missionaries were active in practically all of the European-controlled colonies because the metropoles were Christian.

[26], After World War II decolonisation progressed rapidly. Lenin regarded colonialism as the root cause of imperialism, as imperialism was distinguished by monopoly capitalism via colonialism and as Lyal S. Sunga explains: "Vladimir Lenin advocated forcefully the principle of self-determination of peoples in his "Theses on the Socialist Revolution and the Right of Nations to Self-Determination" as an integral plank in the programme of socialist internationalism" and he quotes Lenin who contended that "The right of nations to self-determination implies exclusively the right to independence in the political sense, the right to free political separation from the oppressor nation.

to be the clearest example of research biocolonialism (Cunningham, 1998; Dodson and Williamson, 1999; Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism, 2000; Pearce et al., 2004). The fundamental decisions affecting the lives of the colonised people are made and implemented by the colonial rulers in pursuit of interests that are often defined in a distant metropolis. [170], Creation and maintenance of colonies by people from another area, This article is about modern territorial expansion. [104] Such seemingly flawed studies of race and gender coincided with the era of colonialism and the initial introduction of foreign cultures, appearances, and gender roles into the now gradually widening world-views of the scholars of the mother-countries. There is no doubt that indigenous knowledge is more important today than ever before, and in this sense, its preservation may be considered as necessary to modern society. Crul, Lindo and Lin Pang. Section 5(7)(a) advances the principle that for purposes of the identification, evaluation and management of heritage resources all relevant cultural values and indigenous knowledge systems must be considered.

This paper-which is grounded in the author's knowledge and experience as an Aboriginal Australian academic-examines three threshold considerations relevant to non-Indigenous scholars who seek to enter into respectful research relationships with Indigenous peoples or knowledges.

The empires of Russia and Austria also collapsed. It draws the resources and economies of the poor of the South into the global market place and global corporate ownership by displacing people from their life-support systems, livelihoods and lifestyles. The authenticity trade marks scheme, which was set up in 2000, has collapsed.

Muslims fought for an independent country to be partitioned where they would not be a religious minority, resulting in the creation of Pakistan.


The employees became "indentured" to the employer because they owed a debt back to the employer for their travel expense to the colony, which they were expected to pay through their wages.

The Nagoya Protocol, which entered into force in October 2014, brings both new international regulatory dimensions and new recognition and re-framing of local and customary levels of regulation over genetic resources and traditional knowledge. Map of colonial and land-based empires throughout the world in 1914 CE.

In this regard the pertinent question is considered whether existing legal principles of public and private law could sufficiently be applied in protecting indigenous knowledge systems. The 2014 YouGov survey found that British people are mostly proud of colonialism and the British Empire:[112], A new YouGov survey finds that most think the British Empire is more something to be proud of (59%) rather than ashamed of (19%).
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's Can the Subaltern Speak?

In practice, indentured servants were exploited through terrible working conditions and burdensome debts imposed by the employers, with whom the servants had no means of negotiating the debt once they arrived in the colony. It is true that von Doussa J of the Federal Court of Australia has shown judicial innovation in a number of cases – most notably, the “Carpets” case, and the “Bulun Bulun” decision. In fact, everywhere where colonial powers established a consistent and continued presence, hybrid communities existed. From the aspect of feeding the growing human population, plant genetic resources for food and agriculture are invaluable, making them increasingly important for world food security. "Central America and Caribbean :: HONDURAS", Resultado Basico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (Philippines), United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador, Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin, Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism, International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, National Indigenous Organization of Colombia, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989, Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 2007, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonialism&oldid=980854867, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Uzoigwe states, "But it is now clear from more serious investigations of African history in this period that imperialism was essentially economic in its fundamental impulses.

Other European colonies had much more pronounced conflict between European settlers and the local population. While the extent in which geography as an academic study is implicated in colonialism is contentious, geographical tools such as cartography, shipbuilding, navigation, mining and agricultural productivity were instrumental in European colonial expansion. The paper highlights, through examples, that plants and animals may be regarded as totemic species, that are rights controlled and/or relational to specific individuals or families. Young people are least likely to feel pride over shame when it comes to the Empire, though about half (48%) of 18–24 year old's do.

Thusly, colonisation is damaging to the civilisations that participate as perpetrators in a way that is internally harmful.

To this end, Dworkin's model of legal principles is used to advocate legal certainty in a highly politically volatile South African society in dealing with its diverse cultural heritage. London: Allen Lane. The Nagoya Protocol encourages academics, government bureaucrats, and traditional owners to look at how customary law might be utilised within state law frameworks to improve and resolve “access and benefit‐sharing” processes. "othered" places they wanted to dominate to legalise their exploitation of the land. [86] Geography as a discipline was not and is not an objective science, Painter and Jeffrey argue, rather it is based on assumptions about the physical world.

I argue that Indigenous peoples’ cultural heritage – including our knowledge and biodiversity – should not be subjected to the intellectual property regime and that recognition be given to the prior, inherent and inalienable rights of Indigenous peoples, consistent with our right of self-determination.


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